论文标题

从流体动力学模拟中可检测到嵌入的原生星座

Detectability of embedded protoplanets from hydrodynamical simulations

论文作者

Sanchis, E., Picogna, G., Ercolano, B., Testi, L., Rosotti, G.

论文摘要

我们预测嵌入过渡盘中的年轻行星的幅度,该行星仍然受盘中物质灭绝的影响。我们专注于木星大小的行星在其形成的后期,当地球刻在气体和灰尘分布的差距上时,圆盘开始透明与红外线(IR)的行星通量透明。通过针对多个行星质量进行的三维流体动力学模型估算柱密度。通过使用圆盘材料的典型消光特性和巨型行星的进化模型获得预期的幅度。对于模拟案例,圆盘上的$ 5.2 $ au,其本地不受干扰的表面密度为$ 127 $ \ $ \ mathrm {g} \ cdot \ cdot \ mathrm {cm}^{ - 2} $,一个$ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ $ m_j $ planet在J-,H-,H-,H-,H-Bands和Predist $ 50 $ 50 $ 50中,非常一个高。在L-和M波段中,灭绝下降,行星的幅度在$ 25 $至35美元之间。在N波段中,由于灰尘不透明的硅酸盐特征,预期的幅度将增加到$ 40 $ MAG。对于$ 2 $ $ M_J $ PLANET,J-,H-和K频段的幅度高于$ 22 $ MAG,而对于L-,M-和N波段,行星的幅度在$ 15 $和20美元之间。对于$ 5 $ $ M_J $ PLANET,由于其能够打开深层间隙的能力,灭绝都不在任何IR频段中发挥作用。对比曲线是针对CQ TAU,PDS70,HL TAU,TW HYA和HD163296中的过渡光盘得出的。估计了最后两个系统中已知差距的行星质量上限。

We predict magnitudes for young planets embedded in transition discs, still affected by extinction due to material in the disc. We focus on Jupiter-size planets at a late stage of their formation, when the planet has carved a deep gap in the gas and dust distributions and the disc starts being transparent to the planet flux in the infrared (IR). Column densities are estimated by means of three-dimensional hydrodynamical models, performed for several planet masses. Expected magnitudes are obtained by using typical extinction properties of the disc material and evolutionary models of giant planets. For the simulated cases located at $5.2$ AU in a disc with local unperturbed surface density of $127$ $\mathrm{g} \cdot \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$, a $1$ $M_J$ planet is highly extincted in J-, H- and K-bands, with predicted absolute magnitudes $\ge 50$ mag. In L- and M-bands extinction decreases, with planet magnitudes between $25$ and $35$ mag. In the N-band, due to the silicate feature on the dust opacities, the expected magnitude increases to $40$ mag. For a $2$ $M_J$ planet, the magnitudes in J-, H- and K-bands are above $22$ mag, while for L-, M- and N-bands the planet magnitudes are between $15$ and $20$ mag. For the $5$ $M_J$ planet, extinction does not play a role in any IR band, due to its ability to open deep gaps. Contrast curves are derived for the transition discs in CQ Tau, PDS70, HL Tau, TW Hya and HD163296. Planet mass upper-limits are estimated for the known gaps in the last two systems.

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