论文标题

动物运动的热力学

Thermodynamics of animal locomotion

论文作者

Herbert, E., Ouerdane, H., Lecoeur, Ph., Bels, V., Goupil, C.

论文摘要

肌肉是在Hill的经典经验模型框架中广泛研究的生物致动器,作为孤立的生物力学实体,该实体几乎不适用于受生理和环境约束的生物。在这里,我们阐明了\ emph {live}肌肉动作的总体原理,从热力学角度考虑它是与平行连接的执行器(肌肉单位)组装,通过化学对机械能量在混合(电势和磁通)边界条件下通过化学对机械能量转换的运行。在我们紧凑的本地线性非平衡热力学模型的框架内,引入了努力的能源成本$ coe _- $,作为众所周知的运输成本,$ cot $的概括,我们分析了从三个不同的步枪以三个不同的步枪在三个不同的步枪下进行的能源成本和优化的氧气消耗量测量数据。马匹通过动员几乎恒定数量的肌肉单位来适应特定步态,以最大程度地减少每单位距离的废物产量;步态之间的过渡期间,这个数字发生了显着变化。因此,动物的机械功能既取决于其自身的热力学特征和运动系统的代谢工作点。

Muscles are biological actuators extensively studied in the frame of Hill's classic empirical model as isolated biomechanical entities, which hardly applies to a living organism subjected to physiological and environmental constraints. Here we elucidate the overarching principle of a \emph{living} muscle action for locomotion, considering it from the thermodynamic viewpoint as an assembly of actuators (muscle units) connected in parallel, operating via chemical-to-mechanical energy conversion under mixed (potential and flux) boundary conditions. Introducing the energy cost of effort, $COE_-$, as the generalization of the well-known oxygen cost of transport, $COT$, in the frame of our compact locally linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics model, we analyze oxygen consumption measurement data from a documented experiment on energy cost management and optimization by horses moving at three different gaits. Horses adapt to a particular gait by mobilizing a nearly constant number of muscle units minimizing waste production per unit distance covered; this number significantly changes during transition between gaits. The mechanical function of the animal is therefore determined both by its own thermodynamic characteristics and by the metabolic operating point of the locomotor system.

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