学术文献库

As a response to the global COVID-19 surge in 2020, many countries have implemented lockdown or stay-at-home policies. If, however, the contact persons of every infected patient could be identified, the number of virus transmissions could be reduced, while the more incisive measures could be softened. For this purpose, contact tracing using smartphones is being considered as a promising technique. Here, smartphones emit and scan for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) signals for detecting devices in range. When a device is detected, its distance is estimated by evaluating its received signal strength. The main insight that is exploited for distance estimation is that the attenuation of a signal increases with the distance along which it has traveled. However, besides distance, there are multiple additional factors that impact the attenuation and hence disturb distance estimation. Among them, frequency-selective hardware and signal propagation belong to the most significant ones. For example, a BLE device transmits beacons on three different frequencies (channels), while the transmit power and the receiver sensitivity depend on the frequency. As a result, the received signal strength varies for each channel, even when the distance remains constant. However, the information on which wireless channel a beacon has been received is not made available to a smartphone. Hence, this error cannot be compensated, e.g., by calibration. In this paper, we for the first time provide a solution to detect the wireless channel on which a packet has been received on a smartphone. We experimentally evaluate our proposed technique on multiple different smartphone models. Our results help to make contact tracing more robust by improving the accuracy of distance estimation.