论文标题
量子GO机器
Quantum Go Machine
论文作者
论文摘要
长期以来,GO一直被视为人工智能的测试床。通过引入某些量子特征,例如叠加和波函数的崩溃,我们通过使用纠结于极化自由度的相关光子对,实验证明了GO的量子版本。随着两个玩家轮流将石头放置在时间序列中,生成状态的希尔伯特空间的总维度呈指数增长。由于如今的技术更难解决的无确定性和不完美的信息游戏,我们兴奋地发现,量子物理学中固有的随机性可以带来游戏非确定性状,而这种特征在古典对应物中不存在。一些量子资源(例如连贯性或纠缠)也可以编码以表示量子石的状态。调整量子资源可能会改变单个游戏的平均不完美信息(作为比较经典GO是一个完美的信息游戏)。我们通过显示从不同类别的量子状态获得的时间序列数据的不可预测性,进一步验证其非确定性特征。最后,通过将量子GO与一些在人工智能中广泛研究的典型游戏进行比较,我们发现量子GO可以涵盖广泛的游戏困难,而不是一个点。我们的结果建立了通过利用固有的量子功能和资源来发明具有量子困难的新游戏的范式,并为经典和量子机器学习提供了一个多功能平台,以测试新算法。
Go has long been considered as a testbed for artificial intelligence. By introducing certain quantum features, such as superposition and collapse of wavefunction, we experimentally demonstrate a quantum version of Go by using correlated photon pairs entangled in polarization degree of freedom. The total dimension of Hilbert space of the generated states grows exponentially as two players take turns to place the stones in time series. As nondeterministic and imperfect information games are more difficult to solve using nowadays technology, we excitedly find that the inherent randomness in quantum physics can bring the game nondeterministic trait, which does not exist in the classical counterpart. Some quantum resources, like coherence or entanglement, can also be encoded to represent the state of quantum stones. Adjusting the quantum resource may vary the average imperfect information (as comparison classical Go is a perfect information game) of a single game. We further verify its non-deterministic feature by showing the unpredictability of the time series data obtained from different classes of quantum state. Finally, by comparing quantum Go with a few typical games that are widely studied in artificial intelligence, we find that quantum Go can cover a wide range of game difficulties rather than a single point. Our results establish a paradigm of inventing new games with quantum-enabled difficulties by harnessing inherent quantum features and resources, and provide a versatile platform for the test of new algorithms to both classical and quantum machine learning.