论文标题
图片的案例研究Rocks Sun Dagger，以及对Sun Daggers的意图的评论
A Case Study of the Picture Rocks Sun Dagger, Plus a Review of the Intentionality of Sun Daggers
论文作者
论文摘要
图片《岩石太阳匕首》是图森西北山坡上的螺旋岩画，在夏至和春分都显示了太阳匕首事件。在这些日期中的每个日期上，一个带有开口角20°-30°的楔形阳光触及螺旋的中心，这两种阳光都由霍霍卡姆培养的人民有意地故意建造。公元800--1300对于整个美国西南部所声称的太阳匕首而言，更普遍的问题是，关键的问题是，古代土著人民是否有意将岩画放置在产生太阳标记。一般来说，证明太阳匕首的故意性的自信起点是由Prestons测得的直方图，显示出在-23.4°，0.0°和 +23.4°之内指示下降的高度显着峰值，而这不是偶然的。在对溶解度和equinctal sun匕首的回顾中，我们发现它们的光束形状像一个长三角形的三角形，顶点开口角<40°，触摸了质符号符号的中心。大多数太阳匕首都使用螺旋岩画，并使用圆形和其他符号。如果螺旋或圆形岩画具有偶然的光/阴影显示，则误报率为20％至33％。表明除 +-23.4°或0.0°以外的其他下降的太阳匕首是错误的警报，其中包括对跨季度的一致性和月球停滞的要求，这肯定是错误的。故意的太阳匕首与任何形式的日历法规，天文工具或公共仪式无关。相反，大量的民族志证据表明，太阳匕首是所在地的一部分，被称为太阳神社，当地的守望者将在那里进行孤独的守夜，并向索尔斯蒂克斯（Solstices and Equinoxes）的神灵提供献祭和祈祷。
The Picture Rocks Sun Dagger is a spiral petroglyph on a hillside northwest of Tucson that shows sun dagger events at both the summer solstice and the equinoxes. On each of these dates, a wedge-shaped sunbeam with opening angles 20°-30° touches the center of the spiral, with both of these being confidently intentionally constructed by peoples of the Hohokam culture c. 800--1300 AD. More generally for claimed sun daggers throughout the American Southwest, the critical question is whether the ancient indigenous peoples intentionally placed the petroglyph so as to create a solar marker. The confident starting point for proving the intentionality of sun daggers in general is a histogram measured by the Prestons showing highly significant peaks for indicated declinations within 2° of -23.4°, 0.0°, and +23.4°, with this being not by chance. In a review of solsticial and equinoctal sun daggers, we find that they all have beams of light shaped like a long-thin triangle with an apex opening angle of <40° that touches the center of the petroglyph symbol. The majority of the sun daggers use a spiral petroglyph, with circles and other symbols being used. Where a spiral or circular petroglyph has a coincidental light/shadow display, the false alarm rate is measured to be 20% to 33%. Sun daggers that have indicated declinations other than +-23.4° or 0.0° are false alarms, including claims for alignments to cross-quarter days and lunar standstills, which are certainly wrong. Intentional sun daggers are not related to any form of calendric regulation, astronomical tools, or public ceremony. Rather, abundant ethnographic evidence shows that sun daggers are a part of sites, called Sun Shrines, where a local Sun watcher would have lone vigils, with offerings and prayers to the gods on the solstices and equinoxes.
