论文标题
老化和科学创新的狭窄
Aging and the Narrowing of Scientific Innovation
论文作者
论文摘要
随着世界各地的预期寿命不断提高，比以往任何时候都比以往任何时候都更年长的科学劳动力，对个人科学家意味着什么，而老龄化科学家对整个科学进步意味着什么？在这里，我们研究了科学家和学者如何将他们的思想和贡献与知识不断发展的边界以及人口统计学衰老领域与现场级别的进步相关联。在个人层面上，我们研究了研究经验和选择如何调节智力衰老的影响。在集体层面上，我们探索将个体和集体衰老联系起来的机制。先前的研究重点是明星科学家，他们在整个历史上的变化日期和突破性成功的速度。随着时间的流逝，我们为所有领域的科学家探索了这一点，借鉴了新颖的深度学习测量结果，这些测量不仅使我们通过引用来追踪积极的关注，还可以通过一个新颖的，全面的数据库来通过明确的批评来吸引积极的关注，这些数据库是超过20,000个人类验证的关键引用。我们发现，年轻的科学家倾向于破坏贡献，而年长的科学家则与成分的老化创新进行了组合创新。这包括分析1994年美国最高法院裁决对强制性退休的影响，并研究意外合作如何影响引文模式。
With rising life expectancies around the world and an older scientific workforce than ever before, what does aging mean for individual scientists, and what do aging scientists mean for scientific progress as a whole? Here we examine how scientists and scholars age in terms of how their ideas and contributions relate to the evolving frontier of knowledge and how demographically aging fields relate to field-level advance. At the individual level, we examine how research experiences and choices can moderate the effects of intellectual aging. At the collective level, we explore mechanisms that link individual and collective aging. Prior research focuses on star scientists, their changing dates and rates of breakthrough success throughout history. We explore this for scientists in all fields over time, drawing upon novel deep learning measurements that allow us not only to trace positive attention through citation but also negative attention through explicit criticism with a novel, comprehensive database of over 20,000 human-validated critical citations. We find that younger scientists tend toward disruptive contributions that push the frontier, while older scientists engage in combinatorial innovation with an aging collection of components. This includes analyzing the impact of the 1994 U.S. Supreme Court ruling on mandatory retirement and examining how unexpected collaborations affect citation patterns.
