论文标题

有见地的采矿平衡

Insightful Mining Equilibria

论文作者

Zhang, Mengqian, Li, Yuhao, Li, Jichen, Kong, Chaozhe, Deng, Xiaotie

论文摘要

自私的采矿攻击可以说是区块链中最著名的游戏理论攻击,表明比特币协议与兼容。随后的大多数工作主要集中在加强自私的采矿策略上,从而使单个战略代理更有可能偏离。与之形成鲜明对比的是,很少关注对自私采矿攻击的抵抗行为,更不用说对区块链中作为多代理系统的矿工和采矿池进行进一步的平衡分析了。 在本文中,首先,我们提出了一种称为有见地采矿的策略,以抵消自私采矿。通过将卧底矿工渗入自私的游泳池,有见地的游泳池可以获取其隐藏的块数量。我们证明,有了这种额外的见解,洞察力池的实用性可能比自私的池具有相同的采矿能力时要大。然后,我们调查采矿游戏,所有游泳池都可以选择诚实或采取有见地的采矿策略。我们表征了这款采矿游戏的NASH均衡,并得出了三个推论:(a)每个采矿游戏具有纯净的NASH平衡; (b)诚实采矿是纳什平衡的,如果最大的采矿池的矿业能力不超过1/3; (c)无论采矿能力如何分布,最多都有两个有见地的池。

The selfish mining attack, arguably the most famous game-theoretic attack in blockchain, indicates that the Bitcoin protocol is not incentive-compatible. Most subsequent works mainly focus on strengthening the selfish mining strategy, thus enabling a single strategic agent more likely to deviate. In sharp contrast, little attention has been paid to the resistant behavior against the selfish mining attack, let alone further equilibrium analysis for miners and mining pools in the blockchain as a multi-agent system. In this paper, first, we propose a strategy called insightful mining to counteract selfish mining. By infiltrating an undercover miner into the selfish pool, the insightful pool could acquire the number of its hidden blocks. We prove that, with this extra insight, the utility of the insightful pool could be strictly greater than the selfish pool's when they have the same mining power. Then we investigate the mining game where all pools can either choose to be honest or take the insightful mining strategy. We characterize the Nash equilibrium of this mining game, and derive three corollaries: (a) each mining game has a pure Nash equilibrium; (b) honest mining is a Nash equilibrium if the largest mining pool has a fraction of mining power no more than 1/3; (c) there are at most two insightful pools under equilibrium no matter how the mining power is distributed.

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