论文标题

海王星沙漠的上边缘在光蒸发上是稳定的

The Upper Edge of the Neptune Desert Is Stable Against Photoevaporation

论文作者

Vissapragada, Shreyas, Knutson, Heather A., Greklek-McKeon, Michael, Oklopcic, Antonija, Dai, Fei, Santos, Leonardo A. dos, Jovanovic, Nemanja, Mawet, Dimitri, Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Paragas, Kimberly, Spake, Jessica J., Vasisht, Gautam

论文摘要

过境调查表明,近距离轨道上的海王星大小的行星不足。如果这个``海王星沙漠''完全通过大气质量损失来清除,那么在其上边缘的行星只能在光蒸发上略有稳定,在示踪剂中表现出强烈的流出特征,例如亚级氦气三胞胎。我们通过对Palomar/Wirc的亚稳态氦特征进行12晚光度测量来检验这一假设,该调查针对七个旋转K型宿主星的天然气巨型行星。在这里首次分析了八晚的数据,以及四个先前发布的数据集的重新分析。我们强烈检测到WASP-69B,HAT-P-18B和HAT-P-26B的氦吸收信号;暂时检测WASP-52B和NGTS-5B的信号;并且不要检测WASP-177B和WASP-80B的信号。我们使用Parker风模型的网格来解释这些测量的过量吸收信号,以得出质量损失率,这与除WASP-52B和WASP-80B以外的所有行星的流体动力学流出代码ATE的预测非常吻合,我们的数据表明,我们的数据表明流出量远小于预测。除了这两个行星外,样本的其余部分的流出与$ \ varepsilon = 0.41^{+0.16} _ { - 0.13} $的平均能量限制流出效率一致。即使我们做出相对保守的假设,即天然气巨星在他们一生的效率上都会经历能量限制的流出,光蒸发仍然太低效率,无法雕刻海王星沙漠的上边界。我们得出的结论是,系外行星种群的这一特征是巨型行星形成和迁移机制的原始示踪剂。

Transit surveys indicate that there is a deficit of Neptune-sized planets on close-in orbits. If this ``Neptune desert' is entirely cleared out by atmospheric mass loss, then planets at its upper edge should only be marginally stable against photoevaporation, exhibiting strong outflow signatures in tracers like the metastable helium triplet. We test this hypothesis by carrying out a 12-night photometric survey of the metastable helium feature with Palomar/WIRC, targeting seven gas-giant planets orbiting K-type host stars. Eight nights of data are analyzed here for the first time along with reanalyses of four previously-published datasets. We strongly detect helium absorption signals for WASP-69b, HAT-P-18b, and HAT-P-26b; tentatively detect signals for WASP-52b and NGTS-5b; and do not detect signals for WASP-177b and WASP-80b. We interpret these measured excess absorption signals using grids of Parker wind models to derive mass-loss rates, which are in good agreement with predictions from the hydrodynamical outflow code ATES for all planets except WASP-52b and WASP-80b, where our data suggest that the outflows are much smaller than predicted. Excluding these two planets, the outflows for the rest of the sample are consistent with a mean energy-limited outflow efficiency of $\varepsilon = 0.41^{+0.16}_{-0.13}$. Even when we make the relatively conservative assumption that gas-giant planets experience energy-limited outflows at this efficiency for their entire lives, photoevaporation would still be too inefficient to carve the upper boundary of the Neptune desert. We conclude that this feature of the exoplanet population is a pristine tracer of giant planet formation and migration mechanisms.

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