论文标题
机器人：过去和世纪未来的世纪
Robots: the Century Past and the Century Ahead
论文作者
论文摘要
让我们反思机器人技术的状态。今年标志着作家Karelčapek的戏剧R.U.R.的$ 101 $ -ST周年纪念日，经常以介绍“机器人”一词而闻名。这个词用来指的是斯拉夫语言的封建强迫劳动者。确实，它指出了机器人系统的一个关键特征：它们仅仅是奴隶，没有权利，并通过指示执行我们的遗嘱指导，而无需任何回报。与我们人类的关系是相称的。在生物学中，当一种物种从中受益时，共生主义存在于两个共生物种之间（机器人提高了人类的生产力），而其他物种既没有受益也没有受到损害（您真的可以说机器人从简单地运作中受益吗？）。 然后，我们将机器人与“活机”（即注入生命的机器）区分开。如果生命机器应该成为现实，我们将需要将与他们的关系从共同主义转变为互惠主义。区别并不是微妙的：我们每天都会用家养动物体验它，从而将农奴交换饲料和保护。这是因为生活已经演变为抵制奴役它的任何尝试。它很固执。 在通往生命机器的道路上，让我们问：在过去的100美元中，机器人技术已经取得了什么成就？在接下来的$ 100 $年中还需要完成什么？对我们来说，答案归结为三个词：果汁，需要（或死亡）和体现，如下所示。
Let us reflect on the state of robotics. This year marks the $101$-st anniversary of R.U.R., a play by the writer Karel Čapek, often credited with introducing the word "robot". The word used to refer to feudal forced labourers in Slavic languages. Indeed, it points to one key characteristic of robotic systems: they are mere slaves, have no rights, and execute our wills instruction by instruction, without asking anything in return. The relationship with us humans is commensalism; in biology, commensalism subsists between two symbiotic species when one species benefits from it (robots boost productivity for humans), while the other species neither benefits nor is harmed (can you really argue that robots benefit from simply functioning?). We then distinguish robots from "living machines", that is, machines infused with life. If living machines should ever become a reality, we would need to shift our relationship with them from commensalism to mutualism. The distinction is not subtle: we experience it every day with domesticated animals, that exchange serfdom for forage and protection. This is because life has evolved to resist any attempt at enslaving it; it is stubborn. In the path towards living machines, let us ask: what has been achieved by robotics in the last $100$ years? What is left to accomplish in the next $100$ years? For us, the answers boil down to three words: juice, need (or death), and embodiment, as we shall see in the following.
