论文标题
希望的理论信息来源：信仰，欲望，想象力和元认知
Theorizing Information Sources for Hope: Belief, Desire, Imagination, and Metacognition
论文作者
论文摘要
介绍。希望是一种积极的态度，以一种可能的（但不确定的），预期的结果为导向。尽管希望是一种美德，但绝望是普遍的，似乎不仅与时事有关，而且与有关时事的信息有关。本文研究了如何通过信息引发希望。方法。这项研究使用概念分析和设计的哲学方法来推进理论上的论点。分析。首先，提供了希望的概念化，主要借鉴了美德伦理学的工作。然后，从哲学和心理学的理论上，基于和综合工作的四种类型的信息来源。结果。确定了有利于希望的四类信息来源：形成对过去或未来的信念的信息；有关未来可能性的道德想象的信息；引发对特定道德成果的渴望的信息；以及元认知的信息，或有关我们如何了解希望的信息。结论。在许多情况下，希望对信息有回应。这为信息专业人士和学者提供了道德机会，可以努力将人们与信息联系起来，尤其是在困难时期。提出了进一步研究的途径，特别是在信息行为和实践方面。
Introduction. Hope is a positive attitude oriented toward a possible (yet uncertain), desired outcome. Though hope is a virtue, hopelessness is widespread and seems related not only to current events but also to information about current events. This paper examines how hope can be sparked through information. Method. This study uses the philosophical methods of conceptual analysis and design to advance a theoretical argument. Analysis. First, a conceptualization of hope is offered, drawing on work primarily in virtue ethics. Then, four types of information sources for hope are theorized, building on and synthesizing work from philosophy and psychology. Results. Four categories of information source conducive to hopefulness are identified: information for forming beliefs about the past or future; information for engaging the moral imagination regarding possibilities for the future; information for sparking desire for particular moral outcomes; and information for metacognition, or about how we become informed with respect to hope. Conclusions. Hope is, in many cases, responsive to information. This suggests a moral opportunity for information professionals and scholars to work toward connecting people with information for hope, particularly in difficult times. Avenues for further research, particularly in information behavior and practices, are suggested.
