论文标题
量子力学是否需要“阴谋”?
Does quantum mechanics require "conspiracy"?
论文作者
论文摘要
包含量子测量不兼容结果记录的量子状态是张量 - 产品希尔伯特空间中的有效状态。由于它们包含虚假记录,因此它们与出生规则和我们的观察结果相抵触。我表明,排除它们需要对希尔伯特空间的极为限制的子空间进行微调,从某种意义上说,(1)似乎取决于未来的事件,涉及记录(包括测量设置)和动态定律(通常被认为是最初的条件),以及(2)违反统计独立性,即使是统计上的上下文。为了解决难题,我构建了一个模型,在这种模型中,通过改变动力学定律,相同的初始条件可以导致不同的历史,其中记录的有效性与新的动力学定律相对。记录的这种相对有效性可能会恢复因果关系,但最初的条件至少必须部分取决于动态定律。尽管违反统计独立性的行为通常被视为非科学,但事实证明它们是为了确保记录和我们自己的记忆的有效性以及科学本身的有效性。需要一个过去的假设来确保存在记录并被证明需要违反统计独立性。尚未排除其解释(尚不清楚)确保以量子力学的局部解释所需的方式确保这种违规行为。我建议,尚未知道的法律或超选择规则可能会将整个张量的希尔伯特空间限制为记录有效性和过去假设所需的非常特殊的子空间。
Quantum states containing records of incompatible outcomes of quantum measurements are valid states in the tensor-product Hilbert space. Since they contain false records, they conflict with the Born rule and with our observations. I show that excluding them requires a fine-tuning to an extremely restricted subspace of the Hilbert space that seems "conspiratorial", in the sense that (1) it seems to depend on future events that involve records (including measurement settings) and on the dynamical law (normally thought to be independent of the initial conditions), and (2) it violates Statistical Independence, even when it is valid in the context of Bell's theorem. To solve the puzzle, I build a model in which, by changing the dynamical law, the same initial conditions can lead to different histories in which the validity of records is relative to the new dynamical law. This relative validity of the records may restore causality, but the initial conditions still must depend, at least partially, on the dynamical law. While violations of Statistical Independence are often seen as non-scientific, they turn out to be needed to ensure the validity of records and our own memories and, by this, of science itself. A Past Hypothesis is needed to ensure the existence of records and turns out to require violations of Statistical Independence. It is not excluded that its explanation, still unknown, ensures such violations in the way needed by local interpretations of quantum mechanics. I suggest that an as-yet unknown law or superselection rule may restrict the full tensor-product Hilbert space to the very special subspace required by the validity of records and the Past Hypothesis.