论文标题

银河盘中的垂直运动:解开蜗牛

Vertical motion in the Galactic disc: unwinding the Snail

论文作者

Frankel, Neige, Bovy, Jo, Tremaine, Scott, Hogg, David W.

论文摘要

银河系圆盘的恒星在速度空间和与银河中部平面正常的位置中显示出螺旋结构(蜗牛)。当去除样品选择效果时,蜗牛在垂直频率中以直线形式出现。它们的斜率具有反度的尺寸,最简单的解释是蜗牛的反年龄。在这里,我们设计并拟合了一个简单的模型,在该模型中,螺旋开始是稳定状态下的扰动,最终变成了当今的形态。发生绕组是因为垂直频率随垂直动作而降低。我们使用来自GAIA EDR3中的恒星的数据,这些数据测量了径向速度,并通过简单的距离和光度选择功能修剪。我们将数据分为动力不变的盒子(径向动作,角动量);我们的模型在许多盒子中都非常适合数据。模型参数具有物理解释:一个,$ a $是一个扰动振幅,一个,$ t $在最简单的模型中可以解释为自来造成蜗牛的事件以来的时间。我们发现将强度和年龄与角动量相关的趋势:(i)幅度$ a $在低角度动量下很小($ <1 \,600 \,Mathrm {\,kpc \,km \,km \,s}^{ - 1} $或指南radius radius radius $ <7.3 \,$ kpc),以及较大的三分之一; (ii)没有单个定义明确的扰动时间,$ t $在0.2至0.6 GYR之间变化。数据和模型之间的残差显示系统趋势,这意味着数据要求更复杂的模型。

The distribution of stars in the Milky Way disc shows a spiral structure--the Snail--in the space of velocity and position normal to the Galactic mid-plane. The Snail appears as straight lines in the vertical frequency--vertical phase plane when effects from sample selection are removed. Their slope has the dimension of inverse time, with the simplest interpretation being the inverse age of the Snail. Here, we devise and fit a simple model in which the spiral starts as a lopsided perturbation from steady state, that winds up into the present-day morphology. The winding occurs because the vertical frequency decreases with vertical action. We use data from stars in Gaia EDR3 that have measured radial velocities, pruned by simple distance and photometric selection functions. We divide the data into boxels of dynamical invariants (radial action, angular momentum); our model fits the data well in many of the boxels. The model parameters have physical interpretations: one, $A$, is a perturbation amplitude, and one, $t$, is interpretable in the simplest models as the time since the event that caused the Snail. We find trends relating the strength and age to angular momentum: (i) the amplitude $A$ is small at low angular momentum ($<1\,600\mathrm{\,kpc\,km\,s}^{-1}$ or guiding-centre radius $< 7.3\,$kpc), and over a factor of three larger, with strong variations, in the outer disc; (ii) there is no single well-defined perturbation time, with $t$ varying between 0.2 and 0.6 Gyr. Residuals between the data and the model display systematic trends, implying that the data call for more complex models.

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